Cryptography

"WVLY0mgH0RtUI"
"5d41402abc4b2a76b9719d911017c592"

# Base32
NBSWY3DPEB3W64TMMQ======
# Base58
StV1DL6CwTryKyV
# Base64
aGVsbG8gd29ybGQ=

# Binary
01101000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100000 01110111 01101111 01110010 01101100 01100100

# Decimal
104 101 108 108 111 32 119 111 114 108 100

# Hex
68 65 6c 6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c 64
68656c6c6f20776f726c64

# Morse Code
.... . .-.. .-.. ---
.-- --- .-. .-.. -..

# MD4
aa010fbc1d14c795d86ef98c95479d17
# MD5
5eb63bbbe01eeed093cb22bb8f5acdc3

# ROT13
uryyb jbeyq
# ROT47
96==@ H@C=5

# SHA1
2aae6c35c94fcfb415dbe95f408b9ce91ee846ed
# SHA256
2cf24dba5fb0a30e26e83b2ac5b9e29e1b161e5c1fa7425e73043362938b9824
# SHA512
9b71d224bd62f3785d96d46ad3ea3d73319bfbc2890caadae2dff72519673ca72323c3d99ba5c11d7c7acc6e14b8c5da0c4663475c2e5c3adef46f73bcdec043

import codecs

hex = "49276d206b6e6f"

b64 = codecs.encode(codecs.decode(hex, 'hex'), 'base64').decode()
print(b64)

    hex1 = "1c0111001f010100061a024b53535009181c"
    hex2 = "686974207468652062756c6c277320657965"

    xored_hex = hex(int(hex1, 16) ^ int(hex2, 16))
    # Display without prefix '0x' by slicing [2:]
    print(xored_hex[2:])

    # Basic function
    def single_byte_xor(text: bytes, key: int) -> bytes:
        return bytes([b ^ key for b in text])

    # ---------------------------------------------------------------

    # Enctyption
    ciphertext = single_byte_xor(b"hello", 69)
    print(ciphertext)

    # Decryption
    ciphertext = single_byte_xor(b"- ))*", 69)
    print(ciphertext)

    import random
    import string
    from collections import Counter
    from typing import Tuple

    def single_byte_xor(text: bytes, key: int) -> str:
        return bytes([b ^ key for b in text])

    def fitting_quotient(text: bytes) -> float:
        counter = Counter(text)
        dist_text = [
            (counter.get(ord(ch), 0) * 100) / len(text)
            for ch in occurence_english
        ]

        return sum([abs(a - b) for a, b in zip(dist_english, dist_text)]) / len(dist_text)

    def decipher(text: bytes) -> Tuple[bytes, int]:
        original_text, encryption_key, min_fq = None, None, None
        for k in range(256):
            # Generate the plaintext using encryption key 'k'
            _text = single_byte_xor(text, k)
            # Compute the fitting quotient for this decrypted plaintext
            fq = fitting_quotient(_text)
            # If the fitting quotient of this generated plaintext is less than the minimum seen till now 'min_fq' we update.
            if min_fq is None or fq < min_fq:
                encryption_key, original_text, min_fq = k, _text, fq

        # Return the text and key that has the minimum fitting quotient
        return original_text, encryption_key


    plaintext = b"Hello world"
    plaintext = plaintext.lower()

    key = 82

    ciphertext = single_byte_xor(plaintext, key)

    occurence_english = {
        'a': 8.2389258, 'b': 1.5051398, 'c': 2.8065007, 'd': 4.2904556,
        'e': 12.813865, 'f': 2.2476217, 'g': 2.0327458, 'h': 6.1476691,
        'i': 6.1476691, 'j': 0.1543474, 'k': 0.7787989, 'l': 4.0604477,
        'm': 2.4271893, 'n': 6.8084376, 'o': 7.5731132, 'p': 1.9459884,
        'q': 0.0958366, 'r': 6.0397268, 's': 6.3827211, 't': 9.1357551,
        'u': 2.7822893, 'v': 0.9866131, 'w': 2.3807842, 'x': 0.1513210,
        'y': 1.9913847, 'z': 0.0746517
    }

    dist_english = list(occurence_english.values())

    sentences = [
        b'His mind was blown that there was nothing in space except space itself.',
        b'I love bacon, beer, birds, and baboons.',
        b'With a single flip of the coin, his life changed forever.',
        b'The three-year-old girl ran down the beach as the kite flew behind her.',
    ]

    for sentence in sentences:
        sentence = sentence.lower()
        encryption_key = random.randint(10, 220)
        assert decipher(single_byte_xor(sentence, encryption_key)) == (sentence, encryption_key,)

        (_plaintext, _key) = decipher(single_byte_xor(sentence, encryption_key))
        print(_plaintext)
        print(_key)
        print("\n")

    echo -n '4bc9ae2b9236c2ad02d81491dcb51d5f' > hash.txt

If you don't know which hash type it is, **[Example Hashes](https://hashcat.net/wiki/doku.php?id=example_hashes)** may help you.

For brute forcing without wordlists in Hashcat, use the following command.

    hashcat -m <hash-mode> -a 3 '?a?a?a?a?a'

# -l: Wordlist
# -d: Decompress and remove archive
wordlistctl fetch -l dogs -d /usr/share/wordlists/misc/dogs.txt
wordlistctl fetch -l top_1000_usa_malenames_english -d /usr/share/wordlists/misc/top_1000_usa_malename_english.txt
wordlistctl fetch -l femalenames-usa-top1000 -d /usr/share/wordlists/usernames/femalenames-usa-top1000

# Replace all 'c' with '$'
sed 's/c/$/g' origin.txt > new.txt

# Toggle the case of the second character
sed 's/\(.\)\(.\)\(.*\)/\1\U\2\E\3/g' origin.txt > new.txt

openssl enc -in /etc/passwd -out /tmp/passwd
openssl enc -in /tmp/passwd -out /etc/passwd

    # Hex encoded password
    openssl rand -hex 4